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<title>Voluntary euthanasia</title>

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Voluntary euthanasia

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about voluntary euthanasia. For euthanasia against the patient's consent, see <a href="Involuntary_euthanasia" title="Involuntary euthanasia">Involuntary euthanasia</a>.</div>

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</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0.1em;">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#ccf;padding-top:0.1em;border-bottom:#fafafa solid 1px;"><a href="Euthanasia" title="Euthanasia">Euthanasia</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddf;">

Types</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Animal_euthanasia" title="Animal euthanasia">Animal</a></li>

<li><a href="Child_euthanasia" title="Child euthanasia">Child</a></li>

<li> (<a href="Euthanasia_for_mental_illness" title="Euthanasia for mental illness">Mental illness</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Non-voluntary_euthanasia" title="Non-voluntary euthanasia">Non-voluntary</a></li>

<li><a href="Involuntary_euthanasia" title="Involuntary euthanasia">Involuntary</a></li></ul></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddf;">

Views</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Bodily_integrity" title="Bodily integrity">Bodily integrity</a></li>

<li><a href="Culture_of_life" title="Culture of life">Culture of life</a></li>

<li><a href="Euthanasia_and_the_slippery_slope" title="Euthanasia and the slippery slope">Euthanasia and the slippery slope</a></li>

<li><a href="Freedom_of_choice" title="Freedom of choice">Freedom of choice</a></li>

<li><a href="Religious_views_on_euthanasia" title="Religious views on euthanasia">Religious</a>

<ul><li><a href="Buddhism_and_euthanasia" title="Buddhism and euthanasia">Buddhist</a></li>

<li><a href="Declaration_on_Euthanasia" title="Declaration on Euthanasia">Catholic</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Right_to_die" title="Right to die">Right to die</a></li>

<li><a href="Right_to_life" title="Right to life">Right to life</a></li></ul></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddf;">

Groups</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Care_Not_Killing" title="Care Not Killing">Care Not Killing</a></li>

<li><a href="Compassion_%26_Choices" title="Compassion & Choices">Compassion & Choices</a></li>

<li><a href="Death_with_Dignity_National_Center" title="Death with Dignity National Center">Death with Dignity National Center</a></li>

<li><a href="Dignitas_(assisted_dying_organisation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dignitas (assisted dying organisation)">Dignitas</a></li>

<li><a href="Exit_International" title="Exit International">Exit International</a></li>

<li><a href="Final_Exit_Network" title="Final Exit Network">Final Exit Network</a></li>

<li><a href="Hemlock_Society" title="Hemlock Society">Hemlock Society</a></li>

<li><a href="World_Federation_of_Right_to_Die_Societies" title="World Federation of Right to Die Societies">World Federation of Right to Die Societies</a></li></ul></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddf;">

People</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Jack_Kevorkian" title="Jack Kevorkian">Jack Kevorkian</a></li>

<li><a href="Philip_Nitschke" title="Philip Nitschke">Philip Nitschke</a></li>

<li><a href="Barbara_Coombs_Lee" title="Barbara Coombs Lee">Barbara Coombs Lee</a></li></ul></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddf;">

Books</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Final_Exit" title="Final Exit">Final Exit</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Peaceful_Pill_Handbook" title="The Peaceful Pill Handbook">The Peaceful Pill Handbook</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Future_of_Assisted_Suicide_and_Euthanasia" title="The Future of Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia">The Future of Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia</a></li></ul></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddf;">

<a href="Legality_of_euthanasia" title="Legality of euthanasia">Jurisdictions</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Euthanasia_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Euthanasia in Australia">Australia</a></li>

<li><a href="Euthanasia_in_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Euthanasia in Belgium">Belgium</a></li>

<li><a href="Euthanasia_in_Canada" title="Euthanasia in Canada">Canada</a></li>

<li><a href="Euthanasia_in_India" title="Euthanasia in India">India</a></li>

<li><a href="Euthanasia_in_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Euthanasia in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li>

<li><a href="Euthanasia_in_Mexico" title="Euthanasia in Mexico">Mexico</a></li>

<li><a href="Euthanasia_in_the_Netherlands" title="Euthanasia in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li>

<li><a href="Euthanasia_in_New_Zealand" title="Euthanasia in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li>

<li><a href="Euthanasia_in_Spain" title="Euthanasia in Spain">Spain</a></li>

<li><a href="Euthanasia_in_Switzerland" title="Euthanasia in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li>

<li><a href="Euthanasia_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Euthanasia in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li>

<li><a href="Euthanasia_in_the_United_States" title="Euthanasia in the United States">United States</a></li>

<li><a href="Euthanasia_in_Uruguay" title="Euthanasia in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li></ul></td>

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Laws</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist">

<ul><li><a href="1994_Oregon_Ballot_Measure_16" title="1994 Oregon Ballot Measure 16">1994 Oregon Ballot Measure 16</a></li>

<li><a href="Rights_of_the_Terminally_Ill_Act_1995" title="Rights of the Terminally Ill Act 1995">Rights of the Terminally Ill Act 1995 (Australia)</a></li>

<li><a href="Washington_Death_with_Dignity_Act" title="Washington Death with Dignity Act">Washington Death with Dignity Act</a></li></ul></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddf;">

Alternatives</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Assisted_suicide" title="Assisted suicide">Assisted suicide</a></li>

<li><a href="Palliative_care" title="Palliative care">Palliative care</a></li>

<li><a href="Principle_of_double_effect" title="Principle of double effect">Principle of double effect</a></li>

<li><a href="Palliative_sedation" title="Palliative sedation">Palliative sedation</a></li></ul></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddf;">

Other issues</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Consistent_life_ethic" title="Consistent life ethic">Consistent life ethic</a></li>

<li><a href="Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li>

<li><a href="Euthanasia_device" title="Euthanasia device">Euthanasia device</a></li>

<li><a href="Groningen_Protocol" title="Groningen Protocol">Groningen Protocol</a></li>

<li><a href="Suicide_tourism" title="Suicide tourism">Suicide tourism</a></li></ul></td>

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Voluntary euthanasia is the purposeful ending of another person's life at their request, in order to relieve them of <a href="Suffering" title="Suffering">suffering</a>. Voluntary <a href="Euthanasia" title="Euthanasia">euthanasia</a> and <a href="Physician-assisted_suicide" class="mw-redirect" title="Physician-assisted suicide">physician-assisted suicide</a> (PAS) have been the focus of intense debate in the 21st century, surrounding the idea of a <a href="Right_to_die" title="Right to die">right to die</a>. Some forms of voluntary euthanasia are legal in <a href="Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:0-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-2">[2]</a> <a href="Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>,<a href="#cite_note-law-3">[3]</a> <a href="Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>,<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> <a href="Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> <a href="Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>,<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> the <a href="Euthanasia_in_the_Netherlands" title="Euthanasia in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a>,<a href="#cite_note-law-3">[3]</a> <a href="New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>,<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> and <a href="Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a>

Voluntary <a href="Terminal_dehydration" title="Terminal dehydration">refusal of food and fluids</a> (VRFF), also called voluntarily stopping eating and drinking (VSED) or <a href="Terminal_illness#Refusal_of_nutrition_and_hydration" title="Terminal illness">Patient Refusal of Nutrition and Hydration</a> (PRNH), will similarly result in death. Some authors classify this voluntary action as a form of passive euthanasia,<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> while others treat it separately because it is treated differently from legal point of view, and often perceived as a more <a href="Ethical" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethical">ethical</a> option.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> VRFF is sometimes suggested as a legal alternative to euthanasia in jurisdictions disallowing euthanasia.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Assisted_suicide">Assisted suicide</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Assisted_suicide" title="Assisted suicide">Assisted suicide</a></div>

Assisted suicide is a practice in which a person receives assistance in bringing about their death, typically people suffering from a severe physical illness,<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> in which the final step in the process is actively performed by the person concerned. In <a href="Physician-assisted_suicide" class="mw-redirect" title="Physician-assisted suicide">physician-assisted suicide</a> (also called physician aid-in-dying or PAD) a <a href="Physician" title="Physician">physician</a> knowingly provides a <a href="Competence_(law)" title="Competence (law)">competent</a> but suffering patient, upon the patient's request, with the means by which the patient intends to end his or her own life.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Assisted suicide is contrasted with "active euthanasia" when the difference between providing the means and actively administering lethal medicine is considered important.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> For example, <a href="Euthanasia_in_Switzerland" title="Euthanasia in Switzerland">Swiss law</a> allows assisted suicide while all forms of active euthanasia (like <a href="Lethal_injection" title="Lethal injection">lethal injection</a>) remain prohibited.<a href="#cite_note-CB1-14">[14]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

The term euthanasia comes from the Greek words "eu"-meaning good and "thanatos"-meaning death, which combined means "well-death" or "dying well". <a href="Hippocrates" title="Hippocrates">Hippocrates</a> mentions euthanasia in the <a href="Hippocratic_Oath" title="Hippocratic Oath">Hippocratic Oath</a>, which was written between 400 and 300 BC. The original Oath states: "To please no one will I prescribe a deadly drug nor give advice which may cause his death."<a href="#cite_note-history-15">[15]</a> Despite this, the ancient Greeks and Romans generally did not believe that life needed to be preserved at any cost and were, in consequence, tolerant of suicide in cases where no relief could be offered to the dying or, in the case of the <a href="Stoics" class="mw-redirect" title="Stoics">Stoics</a> and <a href="Epicureans" class="mw-redirect" title="Epicureans">Epicureans</a>, where a person no longer cared for his life.<a href="#cite_note-plato-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a>

<a href="English_Common_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="English Common Law">English Common Law</a> from the 14th century until the middle of the last century made suicide a criminal act in England and Wales. Assisting others to kill themselves remains illegal in that jurisdiction. However, in the 16th century, <a href="Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a>, considered a <a href="Saint#Catholic_Church" title="Saint">saint</a> by Roman Catholics, described a <a href="Utopia_(More_book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Utopia (More book)">utopian community</a> and envisaged such a community as one that would facilitate the death of those whose lives had become burdensome as a result of "torturing and lingering pain", see <a href="Utopia_(More_book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Utopia (More book)">Utopia (More book) § Interpretation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-plato-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern">Modern</h3></div>

Since the 19th century, euthanasia has sparked intermittent debates and activism in Europe and the Americas. According to medical historian Ezekiel Emanuel, it was the availability of anesthesia that ushered in the modern era of euthanasia. In 1828, the first known anti-euthanasia law in the United States was passed in the state of New York, with many other localities and states following suit over a period of several years.<a href="#cite_note-euth-ppt-19">[19]</a> After the Civil War, voluntary euthanasia was promoted by advocates, including some doctors.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Support peaked around the start of the 20th century in the US and then grew again in the 1930s.

In an article in the <a href="Bulletin_of_the_History_of_Medicine" title="Bulletin of the History of Medicine">Bulletin of the History of Medicine</a>, Brown University historian Jacob M. Appel documented extensive political debate over legislation to legalize physician-assisted suicide in both Iowa and Ohio in 1906.<a href="#cite_note-mleahm-21">[21]</a> Appel indicates social activist <a href="Anna_Sophina_Hall" title="Anna Sophina Hall">Anna Sophina Hall</a>, a wealthy heiress who had watched her mother die of <a href="Liver_cancer" title="Liver cancer">liver cancer</a>, was the driving force behind this movement.<a href="#cite_note-mleahm-21">[21]</a> According to historian <a href="Ian_Dowbiggin" title="Ian Dowbiggin">Ian Dowbiggin</a>, leading public figures, including <a href="Clarence_Darrow" title="Clarence Darrow">Clarence Darrow</a> and <a href="Jack_London" title="Jack London">Jack London</a>, advocated for the legalization of euthanasia.<a href="#cite_note-Dowbiggin-22">[22]</a>

In 1937, doctor-assisted euthanasia was declared legal in Switzerland as long as the doctor ending the life had nothing to gain.<a href="#cite_note-history-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-bartleby-23">[23]</a> During this same era, US courts tackled cases involving critically ill people who requested physician assistance in dying as well as "mercy killings", such as by parents of their severely disabled children.

During the post-war period, prominent proponents of euthanasia included <a href="Glanville_Williams" title="Glanville Williams">Glanville Williams</a> (The Sanctity of Life and the Criminal Law) and clergyman <a href="Joseph_Fletcher" title="Joseph Fletcher">Joseph Fletcher</a> ("Morals and medicine"). By the 1960s, advocacy for a right-to-die approach to voluntary euthanasia increased.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="India">India</h4></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Euthanasia_in_India" title="Euthanasia in India">Euthanasia in India</a></div>

Since March 2018, <a href="Passive_euthanasia" class="mw-redirect" title="Passive euthanasia">passive euthanasia</a> is legal in India under strict guidelines. Patients must consent through a living will, and must be either terminally ill or in a vegetative state.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Australia">Australia</h4></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Euthanasia_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Euthanasia in Australia">Euthanasia in Australia</a></div>

In 1996, the world's first euthanasia legislation, the <a href="Rights_of_the_Terminally_Ill_Act_1996" class="mw-redirect" title="Rights of the Terminally Ill Act 1996">Rights of the Terminally Ill Act 1996</a>, was passed in the <a href="Northern_Territory" title="Northern Territory">Northern Territory</a> of Australia.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Four patients died through assisted suicide under the Act, using a <a href="Euthanasia_device" title="Euthanasia device">device</a> designed by Dr <a href="Philip_Nitschke" title="Philip Nitschke">Philip Nitschke</a>. The legislation was overturned by Australia's Federal Parliament in 1997.<a href="#cite_note-history-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-plato-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-bartleby-23">[23]</a> In response to the overturning of the Act, Nitschke founded <a href="Exit_International" title="Exit International">Exit International</a>. In 2009, an Australian <a href="Quadriplegic" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadriplegic">quadriplegic</a> was granted the right to refuse sustenance and be allowed to die.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> The <a href="Supreme_Court_of_Western_Australia" title="Supreme Court of Western Australia">Supreme Court of Western Australia</a> ruled that it was up to Christian Rossiter, aged 49, to decide if he was to continue to receive medical care (tube feeding) and that his carers had to abide by his wishes. Chief Justice <a href="Wayne_Martin_(judge)" title="Wayne Martin (judge)">Wayne Martin</a> also stipulated that his carers, Brightwater Care, would not be held criminally responsible for following his instructions. Rossiter died on 21 September 2009 following a chest infection.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a>

Voluntary assisted dying schemes have been in effect in the following states; <a href="Victoria_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (Australia)">Victoria</a> since 19 June 2019,<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> <a href="Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a> since 1 July 2021,<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> <a href="Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a> since 23 October 2022,<a href="#cite_note-Tas23Oct2022-30">[30]</a> <a href="Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a> since 1 January 2023,<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> and <a href="South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a> since 31 January 2023.<a href="#cite_note-SA31Jan2023-32">[32]</a> <a href="New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a> was the final state to pass legislation for assisted dying in May 2022, which went into effect on 28 November 2023.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h4></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="2020_New_Zealand_euthanasia_referendum" title="2020 New Zealand euthanasia referendum">2020 New Zealand euthanasia referendum</a></div>

In New Zealand's 2020 general election the country included a <a href="Referendum" title="Referendum">binding referendum</a> asking voters if the <a href="End_of_Life_Choice_Act_2019" title="End of Life Choice Act 2019">End of Life Choice Act 2019</a> should pass. The Act would legalise voluntary euthanasia for patients with a terminal illness and less than six months left to live if approved by two doctors. New Zealand is the first country to put euthanasia legalisation to a referendum. On 17 October 2020, 65.91% of voters supported the passing of the act; a majority. On 21 November 2021, the act was put into place.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Colombia">Colombia</h4></div>

On 20 May 1997, the <a href="Constitutional_Court_of_Colombia" title="Constitutional Court of Colombia">Constitutional Court of Colombia</a> decriminalised piety homicide, for terminally ill patients, stating that "the medical author cannot be held responsible for the assisted suicide of a terminally ill patient" and urged <a href="Congress_of_Colombia" title="Congress of Colombia">Congress</a> to regulate <a href="Euthanasia" title="Euthanasia">euthanasia</a> "in the shortest time possible".<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a>

On 15 December 2014, the Constitutional Court had given the <a href="Ministry_of_Health_and_Social_Protection_(Colombia)" title="Ministry of Health and Social Protection (Colombia)">Ministry of Health and Social Protection</a> 30 days to publish guidelines for the healthcare sector to use in order to guarantee terminated ill patients, with the wish to undergo euthanasia, their right to a dignified death.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a>

On 7 January 2022, Victor Escobar became the first person to undergo voluntary euthanasia without a terminal illness in the country; he had been suffering from <a href="Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease" title="Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease">chronic obstructive pulmonary disease</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Voluntary euthanasia had been legalised in Colombia for people who did not have a terminal illness in July 2021.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Europe">Europe</h4></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Euthanasia_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Euthanasia in the United Kingdom">Euthanasia in the United Kingdom</a> and <a href="Euthanasia_in_the_Netherlands" title="Euthanasia in the Netherlands">Euthanasia in the Netherlands</a></div>

In 1957 in Britain, <a href="Patrick_Devlin%2C_Baron_Devlin" title="Patrick Devlin, Baron Devlin">Mr Justice Devlin</a> ruled in the trial of <a href="John_Bodkin_Adams" title="John Bodkin Adams">Dr John Bodkin Adams</a> that causing death through the administration of lethal drugs to a patient, if the intention is solely to alleviate pain, is not considered murder even if death is a potential or even likely outcome.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> In 1993, the Netherlands decriminalized doctor-<a href="Assisted_suicide" title="Assisted suicide">assisted suicide</a>, and in 2002, restrictions were loosened. During that year, physician-assisted suicide was approved in <a href="Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>. Belgium's at the time most famous author <a href="Hugo_Claus" title="Hugo Claus">Hugo Claus</a>, suffering from <a href="Alzheimer's_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's disease</a>, was among those that asked for euthanasia. He died in March 2008, assisted by an <a href="Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a> doctor.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Euthanasia_in_the_United_States" title="Euthanasia in the United States">Euthanasia in the United States</a> and <a href="Assisted_suicide_in_the_United_States" title="Assisted suicide in the United States">Assisted suicide in the United States</a></div>

A key turning point in the debate over voluntary euthanasia (and physician assisted dying), at least in the United States, was the public furor over the <a href="Karen_Ann_Quinlan_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Karen Ann Quinlan case">Karen Ann Quinlan case</a>. The Quinlan case paved the way for legal protection of voluntary passive euthanasia.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> In 1977, California legalized living wills and other states soon followed suit.

In 1980 the <a href="Hemlock_Society_USA" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemlock Society USA">Hemlock Society USA</a> was founded in Santa Monica by <a href="Derek_Humphry" title="Derek Humphry">Derek Humphry</a>. It was the first group in the <a href="United_States" title="United States">United States</a> to provide information to the terminally ill in case they wanted a hastened death. Hemlock also campaigned and partially financed drives to reform the law. In 2003 Hemlock was merged with End of Life Choices, which changed its name to Compassion and Choices.

In 1990, Dr. <a href="Jack_Kevorkian" title="Jack Kevorkian">Jack Kevorkian</a>, a Michigan physician, became famous for educating and assisting people in committing physician-assisted suicide, which resulted in a Michigan law against the practice in 1992. Kevorkian was tried and convicted in 1999 for a murder displayed on television.<a href="#cite_note-history-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-bartleby-23">[23]</a> Also in 1990, the Supreme Court approved the use of non-active euthanasia.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a>

In 1994, Oregon voters approved the <a href="Oregon_Death_with_Dignity_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Oregon Death with Dignity Act">Death with Dignity Act</a>, permitting doctors to assist terminal patients with six months or less to live to end their lives. The U.S. Supreme Court allowed such laws in 1997.<a href="#cite_note-plato-16">[16]</a> The Bush administration failed in its attempt to use drug law to stop Oregon in 2001, in the case <a href="Gonzales_v._Oregon" title="Gonzales v. Oregon">Gonzales v. Oregon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bartleby-23">[23]</a>

In 2005, amid U.S. government roadblocks and controversy, <a href="Terri_Schiavo_case" title="Terri Schiavo case">Terri Schiavo</a>, a Floridian who had been in a vegetative state since 1990, had her feeding tube removed. Her husband had won the right to take her off life support, which he claimed she would want but was difficult to confirm as she had no <a href="Living_will" class="mw-redirect" title="Living will">living will</a> and the rest of her family claimed otherwise.<a href="#cite_note-bartleby-23">[23]</a>

In November 2008, <a href="Washington_Initiative_1000" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Initiative 1000">Washington Initiative 1000</a> made Washington the second U.S. state to legalize physician-assisted suicide.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="China_and_Hong_Kong">China and Hong Kong</h4></div>

Euthanasia is a criminal offense in China. For example, in <a href="Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a> a 67-year-old man was sentenced to five years in prison when he euthanized his 92-year-old mother when she emerged from a hospital procedure only able to move one finger and one toe. The sentence was considered lenient because he had displayed <a href="Filial_piety" title="Filial piety">filial piety</a> toward his mother.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a>

While active euthanasia remains illegal in China, it is gaining increasing acceptance among doctors and the general populace.<a href="#cite_note-pmid2061698-43">[43]</a>

Medical practitioners in China support euthanasia laws. A 2006 research emphasised that studies in the 1990s revealed a substantial surge in support for euthanasia, particularly among medical personnel. This is corroborated by a poll conducted by the <a href="Chinese_Academy_of_Medical_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences">Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences</a>, which found that 95% of medical staffs approved of the act of euthanasia.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a>

Chinese culture, with its emphasis on filial piety and a taboo surrounding discussions of death, poses significant obstacles to the development of euthanasia. The concept of euthanasia is often seen as pessimistic in this cultural context. However, Buddhism, the predominant religion in China, views euthanasia as a means to achieve a peaceful and suffering-free death, making it more acceptable to some.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a>

In Hong Kong, support for euthanasia among the general public is higher among those who put less importance on religious belief, those who are non-Christian, those who have higher family incomes, those who have more experience in taking care of terminally ill family members, and those who are older.<a href="#cite_note-pmid19197770-46">[46]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canada">Canada</h4></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Euthanasia_in_Canada" title="Euthanasia in Canada">Euthanasia in Canada</a></div>Legislation in Canada is actively evolving and debated. In 2016, Canadian parliament passed legislation allowing eligible adults to request medical assistance in dying (MAiD).<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Legal access to MAiD was initially limited to persons whose death was "reasonable foreseeable", however the law was amended in 2021 to include persons who had a grievous, irremediable and irreversible medical condition, even if it is not fatal or terminal.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> An exclusion currently exists for persons whose sole underlying condition is a mental illness.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arguments_for_and_against">Arguments for and against</h2></div>

Since <a href="World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the debate over euthanasia in Western countries has centered on voluntary euthanasia within regulated health care systems. In some cases, judicial decisions, legislation, and regulations have made voluntary euthanasia an explicit option for patients and their guardians.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a>

Proponents of voluntary euthanasia emphasize that choice is a fundamental principle for liberal democracies and free market systems.<a href="#cite_note-plato-16">[16]</a> The pain and suffering a person feels during a disease, even with pain relievers, can be incomprehensible to a person who has not gone through it. Even without considering the physical pain, it is often difficult for patients to overcome the emotional pain of losing their independence.<a href="#cite_note-plato-16">[16]</a> Those who witness others die are "particularly convinced" that the law should be changed to allow assisted death.<a href="#cite_note-Chapple-2006-51">[51]</a> Today in many countries there is a shortage of hospital space. Medical personnel and hospital beds could be used for people whose lives could be saved instead of continuing the lives of those who want to die, thus increasing the general quality of care and shortening hospital waiting lists. It is a burden to keep people alive past the point they can contribute to society, especially if the resources used could be spent on a curable ailment.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a>

Critics argue that voluntary euthanasia could unduly compromise the professional roles of health care employees, especially doctors. They point out that European physicians of previous centuries traditionally swore some variation of the <a href="Hippocratic_Oath" title="Hippocratic Oath">Hippocratic Oath</a>, which in its <a href="Hippocratic_oath" class="mw-redirect" title="Hippocratic oath">ancient form</a> excluded euthanasia: "To please no one will I prescribe a deadly drug nor give advice which may cause his death." However, since the 1970s, this oath has largely <a href="Hippocratic_oath" class="mw-redirect" title="Hippocratic oath">fallen out of use</a>.

Some people, including many Christians, consider euthanasia of some or all types to be morally unacceptable.<a href="#cite_note-plato-16">[16]</a> This view usually treats euthanasia to be a type of murder and voluntary euthanasia as a type of suicide, the morality of which is the subject of active debate.

If there is some reason to believe the cause of a patient's illness or suffering is or will soon be curable, the correct action is sometimes considered to attempt to bring about a cure or engage in palliative care.<a href="#cite_note-plato-16">[16]</a>

Feasibility of implementation: Euthanasia can only be considered voluntary if a patient is mentally competent to make the decision, i.e., has a rational understanding of options and consequences. <a href="Competence_(law)" title="Competence (law)">Competence</a> can be difficult to determine or even define.<a href="#cite_note-plato-16">[16]</a>

Consent under pressure: Given the economic grounds for voluntary euthanasia, critics of voluntary euthanasia are concerned that patients may experience psychological pressure to consent to voluntary euthanasia rather than be a financial burden on their families.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Even where health costs are mostly covered by public money, as in most developed countries, voluntary euthanasia critics are concerned that hospital personnel would have an economic incentive to advise or pressure people toward euthanasia consent.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a>

Non-voluntary euthanasia is sometimes cited as one of the possible outcomes of the <a href="Slippery_slope" title="Slippery slope">slippery slope</a> <a href="Euthanasia_and_the_slippery_slope" title="Euthanasia and the slippery slope">argument</a>, in which it is claimed that permitting voluntary euthanasia to occur will lead to the support and legalization of non-voluntary and <a href="Involuntary_euthanasia" title="Involuntary euthanasia">involuntary euthanasia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medical_ethics">Medical ethics</h2></div>

Euthanasia brings about many <a href="Medical_ethics" title="Medical ethics">ethical issues</a> regarding a patient's death. Some physicians say euthanasia is a rational choice for competent patients who wish to die to escape unbearable suffering.<a href="#cite_note-ass-sui-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-Davis-2020-57">[57]</a>

Physicians who are in favor of euthanasia state that to keep euthanasia or physician-assisted suicide (PAS) illegal is a violation of patient freedoms. They believe that any competent terminally-ill patient should have the right to choose death or refuse life-saving treatment.<a href="#cite_note-ass-sui-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-Royal_Alexandra_Hospital_v_Joseph_and_Ors_[2005]_NSWSC_422_(27_April_2005)-58">[58]</a> Suicide and assistance from their physician is seen as the only option those patients have.<a href="#cite_note-ass-sui-56">[56]</a> With the suffering and the knowledge from the doctor, this may also suggest that PAS is a humane answer to the excruciating pain.<a href="#cite_note-ass-sui-56">[56]</a>

An argument against PAS is the violation of the <a href="Hippocratic_oath" class="mw-redirect" title="Hippocratic oath">Hippocratic oath</a> that some doctors take. The Hippocratic oath states: "I will not give a lethal drug to anyone if I am asked, nor will I advise such a plan."<a href="#cite_note-ass-sui-56">[56]</a>

Another reason for prohibiting PAS and euthanasia is the option of abusing PAS if it were to become legal. Poor or uninsured patients may not have the money or no access to proper care will have limited options, and they could be pressured toward assisted death.<a href="#cite_note-ass-sui-56">[56]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legality">Legality</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Legality_of_euthanasia" title="Legality of euthanasia">Legality of euthanasia</a></div>

During the 20th century, efforts to change government policies on euthanasia have met limited success in Western countries. Euthanasia policies have also been developed by a variety of NGOs, most notably medical associations and advocacy organisations.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia_2">Australia</h3></div>

There are a range of eligibility requirements which must be satisfied before a patient can receive VAD treatment. Those that are deemed ineligible are required to wait months for care through the public or private health system and at times at their own financial costs. Furthermore, according to The RAGCP more than $38 billion is spent on people with chronic health conditions a year.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a>

Examples of health conditions that require further assessment before granting the VAD procedure include, respiratory diseases such as cardiovascular disease which is a common cause of death among people over the age of 65.<a href="#cite_note-:2-60">[60]</a> Debilitating chronic pain and disease is heavily assessed when considering patients for assisted dying and for people over the age of 65, even if several medical conditions are present, it does not mean the person is eligible for this procedure.<a href="#cite_note-:2-60">[60]</a> Poor mental health, geriatric syndromes, falls, delirium are underlying conditions that have the potential to exarate one’s pain and suffering in this age group, this also does not guarantee access to assisted dying.<a href="#cite_note-:3-61">[61]</a>

Chronic and acute conditions are common amongst elderly Australians that can range from mild to debilitating pain levels, limiting physical abilities, and taking large mental tolls on individuals.<a href="#cite_note-:3-61">[61]</a> Regardless of personal choice and the complexity of health and medical issues, medical professionals can object to Voluntary Assisted Dying at any point regardless of eligibility should they feel it necessary.<a href="#cite_note-:2-60">[60]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Religious_views_on_euthanasia" title="Religious views on euthanasia">Religious views on euthanasia</a></div>

There are many different religious views on the issue of voluntary euthanasia, although many moral theologians are critical of the procedure.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Protocols">Protocols</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Lethal_injection#Euthanasia_protocol" title="Lethal injection">Lethal injection § Euthanasia protocol</a></div>

Euthanasia can be accomplished either through an oral, intravenous, or intramuscular administration of drugs, or by oxygen deprivation (<a href="Hypoxia_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypoxia (medical)">anoxia</a>), as in some <a href="Euthanasia_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Euthanasia machine">euthanasia machines</a>. In individuals who are incapable of swallowing lethal doses of medication, an intravenous route is preferred, because it is the most reliable and rapid way to accomplish euthanasia. The following is a Dutch protocol for parenteral (intravenous) administration to obtain euthanasia:

A coma is first induced by intravenous administration of 20 mg/kg <a href="Sodium_thiopental" title="Sodium thiopental">sodium thiopental</a> (Nesdonal) in a small volume (10 ml physiological saline). Then a triple intravenous dose of a non-depolarizing neuromuscular <a href="Muscle_relaxant" title="Muscle relaxant">muscle relaxant</a> is given, such as 20 mg <a href="Pancuronium_bromide" title="Pancuronium bromide">pancuronium bromide</a> (Pavulon) or 20 mg <a href="Vecuronium_bromide" title="Vecuronium bromide">vecuronium bromide</a> (Norcuron). The muscle relaxant should preferably be given intravenously, in order to ensure optimal availability. Only for pancuronium bromide (Pavulon) are there substantial indications that the agent may also be given intramuscularly in a dosage of 40 mg.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a>

In other jurisdictions (such as Australia and New Zealand), <a href="Assisted_dying_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Assisted dying in Australia">voluntary assisted dying</a> uses 30 mL oral suspensions containing <a href="Pentobarbital" title="Pentobarbital">pentobarbital</a> and an <a href="Antiemetic" title="Antiemetic">anti-emetic</a> to induce a coma leading to <a href="Respiratory_arrest" title="Respiratory arrest">respiratory arrest</a>. However, if the person is too ill to administer the medication themselves, a typical surgical anesthesia induction is performed (<a href="Midazolam" title="Midazolam">midazolam</a> + <a href="Propofol" title="Propofol">propofol</a>) and then once a coma is achieved, pancuronium or vecuronium is used to paralyse the diaphragm and induce respiratory arrest.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a>

With regards to voluntary euthanasia, many people argue that 'equal access' should apply to access to suicide as well, so therefore disabled people who cannot kill themselves should have access to voluntary euthanasia.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture_and_the_arts">In popular culture and the arts</h2></div>

Apart from <a href="The_Old_Law" title="The Old Law">The Old Law</a>, a 17th-century <a href="Tragicomedy" title="Tragicomedy">tragicomedy</a> written by <a href="Thomas_Middleton" title="Thomas Middleton">Thomas Middleton</a>, <a href="William_Rowley" title="William Rowley">William Rowley</a>, and <a href="Philip_Massinger" title="Philip Massinger">Philip Massinger</a>, one of the early books to deal with euthanasia in a fictional context is <a href="Anthony_Trollope" title="Anthony Trollope">Anthony Trollope</a>'s 1882 <a href="Dystopia" title="Dystopia">dystopian</a> novel, <a href="The_Fixed_Period" title="The Fixed Period">The Fixed Period</a>. <a href="Ricarda_Huch" title="Ricarda Huch">Ricarda Huch</a>'s novel <a href="The_Deruga_Case" title="The Deruga Case">The Deruga Case</a> (1917) is about a physician who is acquitted after performing euthanasia on his dying ex-wife.

"Quality of Mercy" in The Prosecution Rests is a fable exploring the facets of aging, <a href="Alzheimer's_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's disease</a>, and euthanasia.<a href="#cite_note-LL-64">[64]</a> The story line makes no judgement but frees the reader to decide.

The plot of <a href="Christopher_Buckley_(novelist)" title="Christopher Buckley (novelist)">Christopher Buckley</a>'s 2007 novel <a href="Boomsday_(novel)" title="Boomsday (novel)">Boomsday</a> involves the use of 'voluntary euthanasia' of seniors as a political ploy to stave off the insolvency of <a href="Social_Security_(United_States)" title="Social Security (United States)">social security</a> as more and more of the aging US population reaches retirement age.

The films <a href="Children_of_Men" title="Children of Men">Children of Men</a> and <a href="Soylent_Green" title="Soylent Green">Soylent Green</a> depict instances of government-sponsored euthanasia in order to strengthen their dystopian themes. The protagonist of the film <a href="Johnny_Got_His_Gun" title="Johnny Got His Gun">Johnny Got His Gun</a> is a brutally mutilated war veteran whose request for euthanasia furthers the work's anti-war message. The recent films <a href="Mar_Adentro" class="mw-redirect" title="Mar Adentro">Mar Adentro</a> and <a href="Million_Dollar_Baby" title="Million Dollar Baby">Million Dollar Baby</a> argue more directly in favor of euthanasia by illustrating the suffering of their protagonists. These films have provoked debate and controversy in their home countries of Spain and the United States respectively.

In March 2010, the PBS <a href="Frontline_(U.S._TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Frontline (U.S. TV series)">Frontline</a> TV program in the United States showed a documentary called "<a href="The_Suicide_Tourist" class="mw-redirect" title="The Suicide Tourist">The Suicide Tourist</a>" which told the story of Professor Craig Ewert, his family, and the Swiss group <a href="Dignitas_(Swiss_non-profit_organisation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dignitas (Swiss non-profit organisation)">Dignitas</a>, and their decision to help him commit assisted suicide in Switzerland after he was diagnosed and suffering with <a href="Amyotrophic_lateral_sclerosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis">ALS</a> (Lou Gehrig's Disease).<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a>

Thrash metal band <a href="Megadeth" title="Megadeth">Megadeth</a>'s 1994 album <a href="Youthanasia" title="Youthanasia">Youthanasia</a> (the title is a pun on euthanasia) implies that society is euthanizing its youth.

The documentary film <a href="How_to_Die_in_Oregon" title="How to Die in Oregon">How to Die in Oregon</a> follows the lives of select terminally ill individuals who weigh the options of continuing to live and euthanasia. This film employs emotional appeal to the audience on the controversial topic of voluntary euthanasia.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a>

In the <a href="House_(TV_series)" title="House (TV series)">House</a> episode "<a href="Known_Unknowns" title="Known Unknowns">Known Unknowns</a>", Dr. Wilson plans to deliver a speech at a medical conference in which he admits to having euthanized a terminally ill patient. Ultimately, Dr. House delivers the speech using a false identity. In another episode, <a href="The_Dig_(House)" title="The Dig (House)">"The Dig"</a>, Dr. Hadley ("Thirteen") reveals that she euthanized her brother who was suffering from <a href="Huntington's_disease" title="Huntington's disease">Huntington's disease</a>. After learning that Thirteen herself will eventually develop Huntington's, House offers to euthanize her once she is in the advanced stages of the disease.

The 2017 TV program <a href="Mary_Kills_People" title="Mary Kills People">Mary Kills People</a> follows a doctor illegally performing <a href="Assisted_suicide" title="Assisted suicide">assisted suicides</a> as a side business.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a>

<ul><li><a href="Arthur_Koestler" title="Arthur Koestler">Arthur Koestler</a>, author, vice-president of EXIT (now the Voluntary Euthanasia Society).</li>

<li><a href="Bertrand_Dawson%2C_1st_Viscount_Dawson_of_Penn" title="Bertrand Dawson, 1st Viscount Dawson of Penn">Bertrand Dawson, 1st Viscount Dawson of Penn</a> – physician to <a href="George_V_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="George V of the United Kingdom">George V</a>, to whom he gave a lethal injection.</li>

<li><a href="Brittany_Maynard" title="Brittany Maynard">Brittany Maynard</a></li>

<li><a href="Chantal_S%C3%A9bire" title="Chantal Sébire">Chantal Sébire</a></li>

<li><a href="George_Exoo" title="George Exoo">George Exoo</a></li>

<li><a href="Derek_Humphry" title="Derek Humphry">Derek Humphry</a> – Founder of the <a href="Hemlock_Society" title="Hemlock Society">Hemlock Society</a>, President of ERGO, past-president of the <a href="World_Federation_of_Right_to_Die_Societies" title="World Federation of Right to Die Societies">World Federation of Right to Die Societies</a> and author of <a href="Final_Exit" title="Final Exit">Final Exit</a>.</li>

<li><a href="Diane_Pretty" title="Diane Pretty">Diane Pretty</a></li>

<li><a href="Dignitas_(Swiss_non-profit_organisation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dignitas (Swiss non-profit organisation)">Dignitas</a> (euthanasia group in Switzerland)<a href="#cite_note-CB1-14">[14]</a></li>

<li>Dr. Death (book by <a href="Jonathan_Kellerman" title="Jonathan Kellerman">Jonathan Kellerman</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Euthanasia_device" title="Euthanasia device">Euthanasia device</a>, a <a href="DIY" class="mw-redirect" title="DIY">DIY</a> option for individuals</li>

<li><a href="Euthanasia%3A_Opposing_Viewpoints_(2000)" class="mw-redirect" title="Euthanasia: Opposing Viewpoints (2000)">Euthanasia: Opposing Viewpoints (2000)</a>, listing key sources in an anthology</li>

<li><a href="Exit_(Right-to-Die_Organization)" class="mw-redirect" title="Exit (Right-to-Die Organization)">Exit (Right-to-Die Organization)</a></li>

<li><a href="Final_Exit" title="Final Exit">Final Exit</a> (book)</li>

<li><a href="Futile_medical_care" title="Futile medical care">Futile medical care</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Task_Force_on_Euthanasia_and_Assisted_Suicide" title="International Task Force on Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide">International Task Force on Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide</a></li>

<li><a href="Jack_Kevorkian" title="Jack Kevorkian">Jack Kevorkian</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Bodkin_Adams" title="John Bodkin Adams">John Bodkin Adams</a>, <a href="Eastbourne" title="Eastbourne">Eastbourne</a>, England doctor, tried for murder in 1957 but claimed euthanasia. Acquitted.</li>

<li><a href="Kaishakunin" title="Kaishakunin">Kaishakunin</a> – Assists in the Japanese ritual <a href="Seppuku" title="Seppuku">seppuku</a> (suicide)</li>

<li><a href="Karen_Ann_Quinlan_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Karen Ann Quinlan case">Karen Ann Quinlan case</a> and <a href="Terri_Schiavo_case" title="Terri Schiavo case">Terri Schiavo case</a> – Cases of <a href="Persistent_vegetative_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Persistent vegetative state">persistent vegetative state</a></li>

<li><a href="Killick_Millard" title="Killick Millard">Killick Millard</a> – Founder of the Voluntary Euthanasia Legalisation Society in Great Britain</li>

<li><a href="Peter_Singer" title="Peter Singer">Peter Singer</a> – bioethicist, <a href="Utilitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Utilitarian">utilitarian</a></li>

<li><a href="Philip_Nitschke" title="Philip Nitschke">Philip Nitschke</a></li>

<li><a href="Prayopavesa" title="Prayopavesa">Prayopavesa</a></li>

<li><a href="Principle_of_double_effect" title="Principle of double effect">Principle of double effect</a></li>

<li><a href="Right_to_die" title="Right to die">Right to die</a></li>

<li><a href="Sarco_pod" title="Sarco pod">Sarco pod</a></li>

<li><a href="Senicide" title="Senicide">Senicide</a></li>

<li><a href="Suicide_tourism" title="Suicide tourism">Suicide tourism</a></li>

<li><a href="Terminal_sedation" class="mw-redirect" title="Terminal sedation">Terminal sedation</a></li>

<li><a href="Terry_Wallis" title="Terry Wallis">Terry Wallis</a></li>

<li><a href="Ubasute" title="Ubasute">Ubasute</a> - The concept of an infirm or elderly relative sacrificing themselves in feudal Japan so as not to be a burden on the younger generations.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amsa.org/dd/prnh.cfm">Patient Refusal of Nutrition and Hydration: Walking the Ever-Finer Line</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081013033540/http://www.amsa.org/dd/prnh.cfm">Archived</a> 13 October 2008 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>

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<li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFHarvath2004" class="citation journal cs1">Harvath, TA. (May 2004). "Voluntary refusal of food and fluids: attitudes of Oregon hospice nurses and social workers". Int J Palliat Nurs. 10 (5): 236–41. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.12968%2Fijpn.2004.10.5.13072">10.12968/ijpn.2004.10.5.13072</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15215708">15215708</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/assisted%20suicide">"Definition of ASSISTED SUICIDE"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029202006/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/assisted%20suicide">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 2 March 2014.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://depts.washington.edu/bioethx/topics/pad.html">"Ethics in Medicine | UW Department of Bioethics & Humanities"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141217070301/http://depts.washington.edu/bioethx/topics/pad.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 December 2014. Retrieved 26 February 2014.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBosshardJerminiEisenhartBär2003" class="citation journal cs1">Bosshard, G.; Jermini, D.; Eisenhart, D.; Bär, W. (April 2003). "Assisted suicide bordering on active euthanasia". International Journal of Legal Medicine. 117 (2): 106–108. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00414-002-0346-3">10.1007/s00414-002-0346-3</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12690508">12690508</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22098366">22098366</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> See <a href="Senicide" title="Senicide">Senicide</a>

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<li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> See Humphry and Wickett (1986:8–10) on More, Montaigne, Donne, and Bacon.

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<li id="cite_note-euth-ppt-19"><a href="#cite_ref-euth-ppt_19-0">^</a> "The earliest American statute explicitly to outlaw assisting suicide was enacted in New York in 1828, Act of 10 December 1828, ch. 20, §4, 1828 N. Y. Laws 19 (codified at 2 N. Y. Rev. Stat. pt. 4, ch. 1, tit. 2, art. 1, §7, p. 661 (1829)), and many of the new States and Territories followed New York's example." Thomas J. Marzen, Origins, Volume 27. p73-74.

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<li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Humphry and Wickett 1986:11–12, Emanuel 2004.

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<li id="cite_note-Tas23Oct2022-30"><a href="#cite_ref-Tas23Oct2022_30-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFWill_Murray2022" class="citation web cs1">Will Murray (23 October 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-10-23/tasmania-voluntary-assisted-dying-laws-come-into-effect/101550264">"Tasmania's voluntary assisted dying laws come into effect today. Here's how they will work"</a>. ABC News.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/voluntary-assisted-dying-is-now-legal-in-queensland-heres-what-you-need-to-know/9lzfjxve2">"Voluntary assisted dying is now legal in Queensland. Here's what you need to know"</a>. SBS News. 1 January 2023.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-SA31Jan2023-32"><a href="#cite_ref-SA31Jan2023_32-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFIsabel_Dayman2023" class="citation web cs1">Isabel Dayman (31 January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-01-31/sa-voluntary-assisted-dying-laws-take-effect-in-sa/101901158">"Voluntary assisted dying scheme becomes available to eligible patients in South Australia"</a>. ABC News.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.health.nsw.gov.au/voluntary-assisted-dying">"Voluntary assisted dying"</a>. NSW Government.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/society/2019/nov/13/new-zealand-to-vote-in-referendum-on-euthanasia-cannabis">"New Zealand to vote in referendum on euthanasia"</a>. The Guardian. 13 November 2019.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFConstitutional_Court_of_Colombia1997" class="citation web cs1"><a href="Constitutional_Court_of_Colombia" title="Constitutional Court of Colombia">Constitutional Court of Colombia</a> (20 May 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161124160354/http://www.dmd.org.co/pdf/sentencia-c-239.pdf">"REPÚBLICA DE COLOMBIA Corte Constitucional Sentencia No. C-239/97"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dmd.org.co/pdf/sentencia-c-239.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 24 November 2016. Retrieved 24 November 2016.</cite> (in Spanish)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFRedacción_Salud2015" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Redacción Salud (19 February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elespectador.com/vivir/los-principios-regular-eutanasia-articulo-544675">"Los principios para regular la eutanasia"</a> (in Spanish). ElEspectador.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161124160920/http://www.elespectador.com/vivir/los-principios-regular-eutanasia-articulo-544675">Archived</a> from the original on 24 November 2016.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/first-colombian-with-non-terminal-illness-dies-legally-by-euthanasia-2022-01-08/">"First Colombian with non-terminal illness dies legally by euthanasia"</a>. Reuters. 9 January 2022. Retrieved 10 January 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1538000/colombian-dies-publicly-under-new-euthanasia-policy">"Colombian dies publicly under new euthanasia policy"</a>. INQUIRER.net. Agence France-Presse. 9 January 2022. Retrieved 10 January 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMargaret_Otlowski1997" class="citation book cs1">Margaret Otlowski (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mDvBJ5J4tusC&q=%22Thomas+Lodwig%22+dr&pg=PA177">Voluntary Euthanasia and the Common Law</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 175–177. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780198259961</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> For the UK see the Bland case.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <a href="Cruzan_v._Director%2C_Missouri_Department_of_Health" title="Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Department of Health">Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Department of Health</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Annals of Bioethics: Regional Perspectives in Bioethics; by Mark J. Cherry and John F. Peppin; Taylor & Francis, 10 Aug 2005, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CUB5AgAAQBAJ&q=china+euthanasia&pg=PA253">page 253</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160112165704/https://books.google.com/books?id=CUB5AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA253">Archived</a> 12 January 2016 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-pmid2061698-43"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid2061698_43-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFPu_SD1991" class="citation journal cs1">Pu SD (April 1991). "Euthanasia in China: a report". J Med Philos. 16 (2): 131–8. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjmp%2F16.2.131">10.1093/jmp/16.2.131</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2061698">2061698</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lawteacher.net/free-law-essays/medical-law/how-its-important-to-legalise-euthanasia-china-medical-law-essay.php">"How Its Important to Legalise Euthanasia China"</a>. www.lawteacher.net.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFGill2019" class="citation journal cs1">Gill, Baljit Kaur (31 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.33552%2FACCS.2019.02.000526">"Euthanasia and Nurses Role in It"</a>. Archives of Clinical Case Studies. 2 (1). <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.33552%2FACCS.2019.02.000526">10.33552/ACCS.2019.02.000526</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-pmid19197770-46"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid19197770_46-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFChongFok2004" class="citation journal cs1">Chong AM, Fok SY (December 2004). "Attitudes toward Euthanasia in Hong Kong – A Comparison Between Physicians and the General Public". Death Studies. 29 (1): 29–54. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07481180590519769">10.1080/07481180590519769</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15726742">15726742</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22888907">22888907</a>.</cite>

<cite id="CITEREFChongFok2009" class="citation journal cs1">Chong AM, Fok SY (2009). "Attitudes toward euthanasia: implications for social work practice". Soc Work Health Care. 48 (2): 119–33. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00981380802533298">10.1080/00981380802533298</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19197770">19197770</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:30564055">30564055</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/health-services-benefits/medical-assistance-dying/legislation-canada.html">"Medical assistance in dying: Legislation in Canada"</a>. www.canada.ca. 30 June 2023. Retrieved 21 February 2024.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFCanada2016" class="citation web cs1">Canada, Health (16 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/health-services-benefits/medical-assistance-dying.html">"Medical assistance in dying: Overview"</a>. www.canada.ca. Retrieved 21 February 2024.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFNavarre2024" class="citation news cs1">Navarre, Brianna (5 March 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usnews.com/news/best-countries/articles/2024-03-05/canada-backtracks-on-euthanasia-for-the-mentally-ill">"Canada Backtracks on Allowing Euthanasia for the Mentally Ill"</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> See <a href="Euthanasia#Governmental,_religious,_and_other_non-governmental_policymaking" title="Euthanasia">Government policies</a> below for specific examples

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Chapple-2006-51"><a href="#cite_ref-Chapple-2006_51-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFChappleZieblandMcPhersonHerxheimer2006" class="citation journal cs1">Chapple, A.; Ziebland, S.; McPherson, A.; Herxheimer, A. (December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2563356">"What people close to death say about euthanasia and assisted suicide: a qualitative study"</a>. J Med Ethics. 32 (12): 706–10. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fjme.2006.015883">10.1136/jme.2006.015883</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2563356">2563356</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17145910">17145910</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> See also <a href="Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">Utilitarianism</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> "Terminally ill patients often fear being a burden to others and may feel they ought to request euthanasia to relieve their relatives from distress." letter to the editor of the Financial Times by Dr David Jeffrey, published 11 January 2003.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Prowse, Michael (4 January 2003). "THE FRONT LINE: Don't take liberties with the right to die" Financial Times: "If euthanasia became socially acceptable, the sick would no longer be able to trust either doctors or their relatives: many of those earnestly counselling a painless, 'dignified' death would be doing so mainly on financial grounds. Euthanasia would become a euphemism for assisted murder."

</li>

<li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/euthanasia-voluntary/#Six">"Voluntary Euthanasia"</a>. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 29 March 2010. Retrieved 13 June 2010.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-ass-sui-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ass-sui_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ass-sui_56-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ass-sui_56-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ass-sui_56-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ass-sui_56-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ass-sui_56-5">f</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://depts.washington.edu/bioethx/topics/pas.html#ques2">"Physician-Assisted Suicide: Ethical Topic in Medicine"</a>. depts.washington.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170413165103/http://depts.washington.edu/bioethx/topics/pas.html#ques2">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2017. Retrieved 27 October 2009.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Davis-2020-57"><a href="#cite_ref-Davis-2020_57-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFDavisMathison2020" class="citation journal cs1">Davis, Jeremy; Mathison, Eric (April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philpapers.org/archive/DAVTCF-11.pdf">"The Case for an Autonomy-Centred View of Physician-Assisted Death"</a> (PDF). Journal of Bioethical Inquiry. 17 (3): 345–356. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11673-020-09977-8">10.1007/s11673-020-09977-8</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32318961">32318961</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:216032411">216032411</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Royal_Alexandra_Hospital_v_Joseph_and_Ors_[2005]_NSWSC_422_(27_April_2005)-58"><a href="#cite_ref-Royal_Alexandra_Hospital_v_Joseph_and_Ors_[2005]_NSWSC_422_(27_April_2005)_58-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/nsw/NSWSC/2005/422.html">"Royal Alexandra Hospital v Joseph and Ors [2005] NSWSC 422)"</a>. austlii.edu.au. Retrieved 27 April 2005.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eldac.com.au/tabid/5757/Default.aspx#:~:text=To%20be%20eligible%20to%20access,a%20neurodegenerative%20disease)%3B%20and">"Voluntary Assisted Dying - Factsheet"</a>. End of Life Law. 15 August 2022. Retrieved 28 August 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:2-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_60-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_60-2">c</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/older-people/older-australia-at-a-glance/contents/health-functioning/health-disability-status">"Older Australians"</a>. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. 30 November 2021. Retrieved 28 August 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:3-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_61-1">b</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ageing-and-health#:~:text=Common%20conditions%20in%20older%20age,conditions%20at%20the%20same%20time">"Ageing and Health"</a>. World Health Organisation. 4 October 2021. Retrieved 28 August 2022.</cite>

</li>

<cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080607061147/http://wweek.com/___ALL_OLD_HTML/euthanasics.html">"Administration and Compounding of Euthanasic Agents"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wweek.com/___ALL_OLD_HTML/euthanasics.html">the original</a> on 7 June 2008.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMartin2020" class="citation web cs1">Martin, Hannah (14 August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/health/euthanasia-debate/300073069/euthanasia-referendum-what-drugs-are-used-in-assisted-dying-and-how-do-they-work">"Euthanasia referendum: What drugs are used in assisted dying, and how do they work?"</a>. www.stuff.co.nz. Retrieved 21 July 2024.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-LL-64"><a href="#cite_ref-LL_64-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFLundin2009" class="citation book cs1">Lundin, Leigh (April 2009). Fairstein, Linda (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780316012676/page/221">The Prosecution Rests</a>. MWA Anthologies. New York: Little, Brown & Company. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780316012676/page/221">221–233</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-316-01252-2</bdi>.</cite> <code class="cs1-code">{{cite book}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (help)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/suicidetourist/">""The Suicide Tourist", PBS FRONTLINE"</a>. <a href="PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a>. 2 March 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170916231103/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/suicidetourist/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 September 2017.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.howtodieinoregon.com">"How to Die in Oregon"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160207054053/http://www.howtodieinoregon.com/">Archived</a> 7 February 2016 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Dir. Peter Richardson. Clearcut Productions, 2011. Film.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFDoyle2017" class="citation news cs1">Doyle, John (24 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/television/doyle-mary-kills-people-is-a-killer-of-a-good-provocative-drama/article33717877/">"Doyle: Mary Kills People is a killer of a good, provocative drama"</a>. The Globe and Mail.</cite>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div>

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<li><cite id="CITEREFDennis_J._HoranDavid_Mall1977" class="citation book cs1">Dennis J. Horan; David Mall, eds. (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/deathdyingeuthan0000unse">Death, dying, and euthanasia</a>. Frederick, MD: University Publications of America. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-89093-139-4</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFHumphryWickett1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Derek_Humphry" title="Derek Humphry">Humphry, Derek</a>; Wickett, Ann (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/righttodieunders00hump">The Right to Die: Understanding Euthanasia</a> (1st ed.). New York, NY: Harper & Row, Publishers, Inc. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0060155780</bdi>. <a href="LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/85-45737">85-45737</a>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/12942139">12942139</a>. Retrieved 25 November 2013.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFHumphry2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Derek_Humphry" title="Derek Humphry">Humphry, Derek</a> (26 November 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NFpJWcbXLzAC">Final Exit: The Practicalities of Self-Deliverance and Assisted Suicide for the Dying</a> (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Delta Trade Paperback. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0385336536</bdi>. <a href="LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2002-019403">2002-019403</a>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/49247323">49247323</a>. Retrieved 25 November 2013.</cite></li>

<li>Kamisar, Yale. 1977. Some non-religious views against proposed 'mercy-killing' legislation. In Death, dying, and euthanasia, edited by D. J. Horan and D. Mall. Washington: University Publications of America. Original edition, Minnesota Law Review 42:6 (May 1958).</li>

<li>Kelly, Gerald. "The duty of using artificial means of preserving life" in Theological Studies (11:203–220), 1950.</li>

<li>Kopelman, Loretta M., deVille, Kenneth A., eds. Physician-assisted suicide: What are the issues? Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2001. (E.g., Engelhardt on secular bioethics)</li>

<li>Magnusson, Roger S. "The sanctity of life and the right to die: social and jurisprudential aspects of the euthanasia debate in Australia and the United States" in <a href="Pacific_Rim_Law_%26_Policy_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Rim Law & Policy Journal">Pacific Rim Law & Policy Journal</a> (6:1), January 1997.</li>

<li>Palmer, "Dr. Adams' Trial for Murder" in The Criminal Law Review. (Reporting on R. v. Adams with Devlin J. at 375f.) 365–377, 1957.</li>

<li>Panicola, Michael. 2004. Catholic teaching on prolonging life: setting the record straight. In Death and dying: a reader, edited by T. A. Shannon. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.</li>

<li>Paterson, Craig, "A History of Ideas Concerning Suicide, Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia" (2005). Available at SSRN: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://ssrn.com/abstract=1029229">http://ssrn.com/abstract=1029229</a></li>

<li>Paterson, Craig. Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia: A Natural Law Ethics Approach. Aldershot, Hampshire: Ashgate, 2008.</li>

<li>PCSEPMBBR, United States. President's Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research. 1983. Deciding to forego life-sustaining treatment: a report on the ethical, medical, and legal issues in treatment decisions. Washington, DC: President's Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research: For sale by the Supt. of Docs. U.S. G.P.O.</li>

<li>Rachels, James. The End of Life: Euthanasia and Morality. New York: Oxford University Press, 1986.</li>

<li>Robertson, John. 1977. Involuntary euthanasia of defective newborns: a legal analysis. In Death, dying, and euthanasia, edited by D. J. Horan and D. Mall. Washington: University Publications of America. Original edition, Stanford Law Review 27 (1975) 213–269.</li>

<li>Sacred congregation for the doctrine of the faith. 1980. The declaration on euthanasia. Vatican City: The Vatican.</li>

<li>Stone, T. Howard, and Winslade, William J. "Physician-assisted suicide and euthanasia in the United States" in Journal of Legal Medicine (16:481–507), December 1995.</li>

<li><a href="Fabian_Tassano" title="Fabian Tassano">Tassano, Fabian</a>. The Power of Life or Death: Medical Coercion and the Euthanasia Debate. Foreword by <a href="Thomas_Szasz" title="Thomas Szasz">Thomas Szasz</a>, MD. London: Duckworth, 1995. Oxford: Oxford Forum, 1999.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/euthanasia" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:euthanasia">euthanasia</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div>

</div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/euthanasia-voluntary/">Voluntary Euthanasia</a>, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</li></ul>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Death315" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Death315" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Death" title="Death">Death</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In medicine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cell_death14" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Cell_death" title="Cell death">Cell death</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Necrosis" title="Necrosis">Necrosis</a>

<ul><li><a href="Avascular_necrosis" title="Avascular necrosis">Avascular necrosis</a></li>

<li><a href="Coagulative_necrosis" title="Coagulative necrosis">Coagulative necrosis</a></li>

<li><a href="Liquefactive_necrosis" title="Liquefactive necrosis">Liquefactive necrosis</a></li>

<li><a href="Gangrene" title="Gangrene">Gangrenous necrosis</a></li>

<li><a href="Caseous_necrosis" title="Caseous necrosis">Caseous necrosis</a></li>

<li><a href="Fat_necrosis" title="Fat necrosis">Fat necrosis</a></li>

<li><a href="Fibrinoid_necrosis" title="Fibrinoid necrosis">Fibrinoid necrosis</a></li>

<li><a href="Temporal_lobe_necrosis" title="Temporal lobe necrosis">Temporal lobe necrosis</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Programmed_cell_death" title="Programmed cell death">Programmed cell death</a>

<li><a href="Anoikis" title="Anoikis">Anoikis</a></li>

<li><a href="Apoptosis" title="Apoptosis">Apoptosis</a></li>

<li><a href="Autophagy" title="Autophagy">Autophagy</a></li>

<li><a href="Intrinsic_apoptosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Intrinsic apoptosis">Intrinsic apoptosis</a></li>

<li><a href="Necroptosis" title="Necroptosis">Necroptosis</a></li>

<li><a href="Paraptosis" title="Paraptosis">Paraptosis</a></li>

<li><a href="Parthanatos" title="Parthanatos">Parthanatos</a></li>

<li><a href="Phenoptosis" title="Phenoptosis">Phenoptosis</a></li>

<li><a href="Pseudoapoptosis" title="Pseudoapoptosis">Pseudoapoptosis</a></li>

<li><a href="Pyroptosis" title="Pyroptosis">Pyroptosis</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Autolysis_(biology)" title="Autolysis (biology)">Autolysis</a></li>

<li><a href="Autoschizis" title="Autoschizis">Autoschizis</a></li>

<li><a href="Eschar" title="Eschar">Eschar</a></li>

<li><a href="Immunogenic_cell_death" title="Immunogenic cell death">Immunogenic cell death</a></li>

<li><a href="Ischemic_cell_death" title="Ischemic cell death">Ischemic cell death</a></li>

<li><a href="Pyknosis" title="Pyknosis">Pyknosis</a></li>

<li><a href="Karyorrhexis" title="Karyorrhexis">Karyorrhexis</a></li>

<li><a href="Karyolysis" title="Karyolysis">Karyolysis</a></li>

<li><a href="Mitotic_catastrophe" title="Mitotic catastrophe">Mitotic catastrophe</a></li>

<li><a href="Suicide_gene" title="Suicide gene">Suicide gene</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Abortion" title="Abortion">Abortion</a></li>

<li><a href="Accidental_death" title="Accidental death">Accidental death</a></li>

<li><a href="Autopsy" title="Autopsy">Autopsy</a></li>

<li><a href="Brain_death" title="Brain death">Brain death</a>

<ul><li><a href="Brainstem_death" title="Brainstem death">Brainstem death</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Clinical_death" title="Clinical death">Clinical death</a>

<li><a href="Manner_of_death" title="Manner of death">Death by natural causes</a></li>

<li><a href="Death_rattle" title="Death rattle">Death rattle</a></li>

<li><a href="Dysthanasia" title="Dysthanasia">Dysthanasia</a></li>

<li><a href="Euthanasia" title="Euthanasia">Euthanasia</a></li>

<li><a href="Lazarus_sign" title="Lazarus sign">Lazarus sign</a></li>

<li><a href="Lazarus_syndrome" title="Lazarus syndrome">Lazarus syndrome</a></li>

<li><a href="Legal_death#Medical_declaration" title="Legal death">Medical declaration of death</a></li>

<li><a href="Organ_donation" title="Organ donation">Organ donation</a></li>

<li><a href="Terminal_illness" title="Terminal illness">Terminal illness</a></li>

<li><a href="Manner_of_death" title="Manner of death">Unnatural death</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_causes_of_death_by_rate" title="List of causes of death by rate">Causes of death by rate</a></li>

<li><a href="Lists_of_deaths_by_year" title="Lists of deaths by year">Notable deaths by year</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_expressions_related_to_death" class="mw-redirect" title="List of expressions related to death">Expressions related to death</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_natural_disasters_by_death_toll" title="List of natural disasters by death toll">Natural disasters</a></li>

<li><a href="Lists_of_people_by_cause_of_death" title="Lists of people by cause of death">People by cause of death</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_premature_obituaries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of premature obituaries">Premature obituaries</a></li>

<li><a href="Preventable_causes_of_death" title="Preventable causes of death">Preventable causes of death</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_unusual_deaths" class="mw-redirect" title="List of unusual deaths">Unusual deaths</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_ways_people_dishonor_the_dead" title="List of ways people dishonor the dead">List of ways people dishonor the dead</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_ways_people_honor_the_dead" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ways people honor the dead">List of ways people honor the dead</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mortality</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Birthday_effect" title="Birthday effect">Birthday effect</a></li>

<li><a href="Child_mortality" title="Child mortality">Child mortality</a></li>

<li><a href="Excess_mortality" title="Excess mortality">Excess mortality</a></li>

<li><a href="Gompertz%E2%80%93Makeham_law_of_mortality" title="Gompertz–Makeham law of mortality">Gompertz–Makeham law of mortality</a></li>

<li><a href="Infant_mortality" title="Infant mortality">Infant mortality</a></li>

<li><a href="Karoshi" title="Karoshi">Karoshi</a></li>

<li><a href="Maternal_death" title="Maternal death">Maternal death</a></li>

<li><a href="Maternal_mortality_in_fiction" title="Maternal mortality in fiction">Maternal mortality in fiction</a></li>

<li><a href="Memento_mori" title="Memento mori">Memento mori</a></li>

<li><a href="Micromort" title="Micromort">Micromort</a></li>

<li><a href="Mortality_rate" title="Mortality rate">Mortality rate</a>

<li><a href="Mortality_salience" title="Mortality salience">Mortality salience</a></li>

<li><a href="Perinatal_mortality" title="Perinatal mortality">Perinatal mortality</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">After death</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Cadaver" title="Cadaver">Body</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Pallor_mortis" title="Pallor mortis">Pallor mortis</a></li>

<li><a href="Livor_mortis" title="Livor mortis">Livor mortis</a></li>

<li><a href="Algor_mortis" title="Algor mortis">Algor mortis</a></li>

<li><a href="Rigor_mortis" title="Rigor mortis">Rigor mortis</a></li>

<li><a href="Putrefaction" title="Putrefaction">Putrefaction</a></li>

<li><a href="Decomposition" title="Decomposition">Decomposition</a></li>

<li><a href="Skeletonization" title="Skeletonization">Skeletonization</a></li>

<li><a href="Fossil" title="Fossil">Fossilization</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Preservation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cryopreservation" title="Cryopreservation">Cryopreservation</a>

<ul><li><a href="Cryonics" title="Cryonics">Cryonics</a></li>

<li><a href="Neuropreservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuropreservation">Neuropreservation</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Embalming" title="Embalming">Embalming</a></li>

<li><a href="Maceration_(bone)" title="Maceration (bone)">Maceration</a></li>

<li><a href="Mummy" title="Mummy">Mummification</a></li>

<li><a href="Plastination" title="Plastination">Plastination</a></li>

<li><a href="Prosection" title="Prosection">Prosection</a></li>

<li><a href="Taxidermy" title="Taxidermy">Taxidermy</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Disposal_of_human_corpses" title="Disposal of human corpses">Disposal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Burial" title="Burial">Burial</a>

<ul><li><a href="Natural_burial" title="Natural burial">Natural burial</a></li>

<li><a href="Sky_burial" title="Sky burial">Sky burial</a></li>

<li><a href="Burial_at_sea" title="Burial at sea">Ocean burial</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Cremation" title="Cremation">Cremation</a></li>

<li><a href="Dismemberment" title="Dismemberment">Dismemberment</a></li>

<li><a href="Excarnation" title="Excarnation">Excarnation</a></li>

<li><a href="Promession" title="Promession">Promession</a></li>

<li><a href="Water_cremation" title="Water cremation">Resomation</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Beating_heart_cadaver" title="Beating heart cadaver">Beating heart cadaver</a></li>

<li><a href="Body_donation" title="Body donation">Body donation</a></li>

<li><a href="Cadaveric_spasm" title="Cadaveric spasm">Cadaveric spasm</a></li>

<li><a href="Coffin_birth" title="Coffin birth">Coffin birth</a></li>

<li><a href="Death_erection" title="Death erection">Death erection</a></li>

<li><a href="Dissection" title="Dissection">Dissection</a></li>

<li><a href="Gibbeting" title="Gibbeting">Gibbeting</a></li>

<li><a href="Postmortem_caloricity" title="Postmortem caloricity">Postmortem caloricity</a></li>

<li><a href="Post-mortem_interval" title="Post-mortem interval">Post-mortem interval</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Carrion" title="Carrion">Carrion</a></li>

<li><a href="Cemetery" title="Cemetery">Cemetery</a></li>

<li><a href="Consciousness_after_death" class="mw-redirect" title="Consciousness after death">Consciousness after death</a>

<ul><li><a href="Afterlife" title="Afterlife">Afterlife</a></li>

<li><a href="Tukdam" title="Tukdam">Tukdam</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Customs</li>

<li><a href="Crematorium" title="Crematorium">Crematorium</a></li>

<li><a href="Desecration_of_graves" class="mw-redirect" title="Desecration of graves">Desecration of graves</a></li>

<li><a href="Eternal_oblivion" title="Eternal oblivion">Eternal oblivion</a></li>

<li><a href="Medical_examiner" title="Medical examiner">Examination</a></li>

<li><a href="Funeral" title="Funeral">Funeral</a></li>

<li><a href="Grief" title="Grief">Grief</a></li>

<li><a href="Death_and_the_Internet" title="Death and the Internet">Internet</a></li>

<li><a href="Death_midwife" title="Death midwife">Midwife</a></li>

<li><a href="Mourning" title="Mourning">Mourning</a>

<ul><li><a href="Online_mourning" title="Online mourning">Online mourning</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Obituary" title="Obituary">Obituary</a></li>

<li><a href="Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">Reincarnation</a>

<ul><li><a href="Palingenesis" title="Palingenesis">Palingenesis</a></li>

<li><a href="Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Resurrection" title="Resurrection">Resurrection</a></li>

<li><a href="Underworld" title="Underworld">Underworld</a></li>

<li><a href="Viewing_(funeral)" title="Viewing (funeral)">Viewing</a></li>

<li><a href="Vigil" title="Vigil">Vigil</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Paranormal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ghost" title="Ghost">Ghosts</a></li>

<li><a href="Near-death_experience" title="Near-death experience">Near-death experience</a></li>

<li><a href="Near-death_studies" title="Near-death studies">Near-death studies</a></li>

<li><a href="Necromancy" title="Necromancy">Necromancy</a></li>

<li><a href="Out-of-body_experience" title="Out-of-body experience">Out-of-body experience</a></li>

<li>Reincarnation research</li>

<li><a href="S%C3%A9ance" title="Séance">Séance</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Abortion_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Abortion law">Abortion law</a></li>

<li><a href="Administration_(probate_law)" title="Administration (probate law)">Administration</a></li>

<li><a href="Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">Capital punishment</a></li>

<li><a href="Cause_of_death" title="Cause of death">Cause of death</a></li>

<li><a href="Civil_death" title="Civil death">Civil death</a></li>

<li><a href="Coroner" title="Coroner">Coroner</a></li>

<li><a href="Death-qualified_jury" title="Death-qualified jury">Death-qualified jury</a></li>

<li><a href="Death_certificate" title="Death certificate">Death certificate</a></li>

<li><a href="Presumption_of_death" title="Presumption of death">Declared death in absentia</a></li>

<li><a href="Death_row" title="Death row">Death row</a></li>

<li><a href="Dying_declaration" title="Dying declaration">Dying declaration</a></li>

<li><a href="Inquest" title="Inquest">Inquest</a></li>

<li><a href="Legal_death" title="Legal death">Legal death</a></li>

<li><a href="Murder" title="Murder">Murder</a></li>

<li><a href="Necropolitics" title="Necropolitics">Necropolitics</a></li>

<li><a href="Prohibition_of_dying" title="Prohibition of dying">Prohibition of dying</a></li>

<li><a href="Right_to_die" title="Right to die">Right to die</a></li>

<li><a href="Suspicious_death" title="Suspicious death">Suspicious death</a></li>

<li><a href="Trust_(law)" title="Trust (law)">Trust law</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Death tech</li>

<li><a href="Forensic_pathology" title="Forensic pathology">Forensic pathology</a></li>

<li><a href="Funeral_director" title="Funeral director">Funeral director</a></li>

<li><a href="Mortuary_science" title="Mortuary science">Mortuary science</a></li>

<li><a href="Cell_death" title="Cell death">Necrobiology</a></li>

<li><a href="Post-mortem_chemistry" title="Post-mortem chemistry">Post-mortem chemistry</a></li>

<li><a href="Post-mortem_photography" title="Post-mortem photography">Post-mortem photography</a></li>

<li><a href="Taphonomy" title="Taphonomy">Taphonomy</a>

<ul><li><a href="Biostratinomy" title="Biostratinomy">Biostratinomy</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Thanatology" title="Thanatology">Thanatology</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Apparent_death" title="Apparent death">Apparent death</a></li>

<li><a href="Chinese_burial_money" title="Chinese burial money">Chinese burial money</a></li>

<li><a href="Coins_for_the_dead" title="Coins for the dead">Coins for the dead</a></li>

<li><a href="Dark_tourism" title="Dark tourism">Dark tourism</a></li>

<li><a href="Darwin_Awards" title="Darwin Awards">Darwin Awards</a></li>

<li><a href="Death_and_culture" title="Death and culture">Death and culture</a></li>

<li><a href="Death_anniversary" title="Death anniversary">Death anniversary</a></li>

<li><a href="Death_anxiety" title="Death anxiety">Death anxiety</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_death_deities" title="List of death deities">Death deity</a>

<ul><li><a href="Personifications_of_death" title="Personifications of death">Personification of death</a></li>

<li><a href="Dying-and-rising_deity" class="mw-redirect" title="Dying-and-rising deity">Dying-and-rising god</a></li>

<li><a href="Psychopomp" title="Psychopomp">Psychopomp</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">Death camp</a></li>

<li><a href="Death_drive" title="Death drive">Death drive</a></li>

<li><a href="Death_education" title="Death education">Death education</a></li>

<li><a href="Death_from_laughter" title="Death from laughter">Death from laughter</a></li>

<li><a href="Death_hoax" title="Death hoax">Death hoax</a></li>

<li><a href="Death_knell" title="Death knell">Death knell</a></li>

<li><a href="Death_march" title="Death march">Death march</a></li>

<li><a href="Death_messenger" title="Death messenger">Death messenger</a></li>

<li><a href="Death_notification" title="Death notification">Death notification</a></li>

<li><a href="Death_panel" title="Death panel">Death panel</a></li>

<li><a href="Death_poem" title="Death poem">Death poem</a></li>

<li><a href="Opisthotonic_death_pose" title="Opisthotonic death pose">Death pose</a></li>

<li><a href="Death-positive_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Death-positive movement">Death-positive movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Death_squad" title="Death squad">Death squad</a></li>

<li><a href="Death_threat" title="Death threat">Death threat</a></li>

<li><a href="Death_trajectory" title="Death trajectory">Death trajectory</a></li>

<li><a href="Dignified_death" title="Dignified death">Dignified death</a></li>

<li><a href="Extinction" title="Extinction">Extinction</a></li>

<li><a href="Festival_of_the_Dead" title="Festival of the Dead">Festival of the Dead</a></li>

<li><a href="Fascination_with_death" title="Fascination with death">Fascination with death</a></li>

<li><a href="Hierarchy_of_death" title="Hierarchy of death">Hierarchy of death</a></li>

<li><a href="Homicide" title="Homicide">Homicide</a></li>

<li><a href="Immortality" title="Immortality">Immortality</a></li>

<li><a href="Last_rites" title="Last rites">Last rites</a></li>

<li><a href="Longevity" title="Longevity">Longevity</a></li>

<li><a href="Martyr" title="Martyr">Martyr</a></li>

<li><a href="Museum_of_Death" title="Museum of Death">Museum of Death</a></li>

<li><a href="Necronym" title="Necronym">Necronym</a></li>

<li><a href="Necrophilia" title="Necrophilia">Necrophilia</a></li>

<li><a href="Necrophobia" title="Necrophobia">Necrophobia</a></li>

<li><a href="Philosophy_of_death" title="Philosophy of death">Philosophy of death</a></li>

<li><a href="Predation" title="Predation">Predation</a></li>

<li><a href="Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">Sacrifice</a>

<ul><li><a href="Human_sacrifice" title="Human sacrifice">human</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Suicide" title="Suicide">Suicide</a>

<ul><li><a href="Assisted_suicide" title="Assisted suicide">Assisted suicide</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Thanabot</li>

<li><a href="Thanatosensitivity" title="Thanatosensitivity">Thanatosensitivity</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li> Category</li>

<li> <a href="Outline_of_death" title="Outline of death">Outline</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-08-04" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Voluntary_euthanasia&oldid=1304257434">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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